Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Answer:
C
Explanation:
25% of 16 cells is 4
If you multiply .25 by 16 you will get four and that is how many cells are dividing.
Answer:
The correct statements are C The pH is accurate but the solution will have excess salt. D The pH is accurate but the concentration of Tris will be incorrect
Explanation:
As the pH is finally maintained at 7 the pH for the buffer solution will be accurate but excess salt will be produced due to use of Both NaOH and HCl to make up the to 7.
As more volume of water is required at final step to make up the volume the concentration of tris will be incorrect.
The advantage of small and large reserves is that it only
requires small labor and it can also serve a city and a town. The only disadvantage
of the small and large reserves is that it is quite expensive despite of its
usefulness.
