Answer:
<em>Hello, In all the ecological pyramids, producers (organisms that produce their own food) are found at the lowest trophic level. This trophic level contains the highest amount of energy. The energy in each trophic level of an energy pyramid is just 10 percent of the energy in the level below it. (Why is there less energy available at the top of an energy pyramid than at the bottom?) Less energy is available to organisms in the upper levels because each organism releases some of the chemical energy in food to the air as thermal energy. Less total energy is available with each step up energy pyramid. Hope That Helps!</em>
The diploid cells in this case include nerve cell, bone cell and muscle cell. A diploid cell is a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, which is double the haploid chromosome number. They include all the somatic cells with exception of germ line cells. Gametes are haploid cells meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, gametes (sperm and egg cells) fuse at fertilization to form a diploid zygote which develops into a diploid organism.
1. Regulation of glucose blood levels is an example of negative feedback mechanism.
Negative feedback mechanism is a control mechanism involved in homeostasis maintain, in this case maintenance of glucose blood levels in normal range.
Negative feedback mechanism contains sensory system that detects the changes, control system that responds to change and activates mechanisms of effector system that reverse the changes in order to restore conditions to their normal levels.
• Pancreatic cells-sensors
• Insulin-control system
• Body cells- effector cells
2. Blood glucose levels change throughout the day because of the food consumption, but in healthy individuals levels of glucose are successfully regulated via the mechanism of hormones such as insulin and glucagon in a process called glucose blood regulation.
This tight regulation of pancreatic hormones is referred to as glucose homeostasis. Insulin lowers blood sugar and glucagon raises it.
3. If the beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune disease (immune system attacks its own cells), there would be no insulin release, and consequently, the glucose blood levels would be increased.
Diabetes type I is a metabolic disorder caused by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
Answer:
Signal transduction pathways
Explanation:
Plant hormones act by directly affecting the activities of signal transduction pathways.
Signal transduction pathways are involved in the transfer of signals from outside of the cell to the inside of the cell for the regulation of various cellular activities. For this, the extracellular signalling molecules bind to the receptors that are located on the cell membrane. After their binding due to some change in the receptor molecule, a signal is triggered in to the cell and thus information from outside of the cell is transferred to the inside of the cell through these transduction pathways.
Plant hormones affect these pathways and as a result membranes, enzymes, and genes are also influenced by the plant hormones.
