I think its a) one event happened only as a result of the other
Education reform lead by Horace Mann was a major reform movement in the early 1800's. He helped create mandatory public education for all in the United States.
Between the time periods of 600-1450 Common Era, it was
referred to as the dark ages in Europe because the cities and regions in Europe
lack poetry, which was a dark experience. It was not really a dark globally,
but only in the part of Europe wherein poetry vanished, but right after the
dark ages, was the beginning of the modern age, which gave life to poetry and
to music once more.
