Answer:
A) external validity
Step-by-step explanation:
Validity expresses the degree of precision with which a test can measure what it claims to measure. There are mainly two ways to check the validity of a test: by examining the content of the test and by correlating it with other units of measurement. By making a further subdivision we can obtain 4 types of validity that contribute to the overall validity of the test. If criteria are applied in which the result is expressed in numerical form, it is often referred to the correlation, therefore it can take values between +1 and -1, taking into account the importance and significance that this index assumes with respect to the construct investigated and to the method used.
Internal validity - a type of validity, the degree of influence of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Internal validity is the higher, the greater the likelihood that a change in a dependent variable is caused by a change in an independent variable (and not something else). Internal validity - the correspondence of a real study to the ideal.With an intrinsically valid study, the researcher is confident that the results obtained by measuring the dependent variable are directly related to the independent variable, and not to some other uncontrolled factor.
External validity is a type of validity that determines how much the results of a particular study can be extended to the entire class of similar situations / phenomena / objects. External validity is the correspondence of a real study of the studied objective reality. External validity determines the extent to which the results obtained in the experiment can correspond to the type of life situation that was investigated, and how much it is possible to generalize these results to all similar life situations. In short, external validity states that how well the result of a study may supposed to apply to other settings, in other terms, this type of validity refers to how generalizable the findings are into the real world after getting the observations from the internal validity.
Answer:
(a)
>install.packages("air4")
>library(air4)
>attach(UN11)
>plot(ppgdp, fertility)
Check attachments for the plots
The question is asking to estimate the rate at which the total personal income was rising in the Richmond-Petersburg area in 1999 and base on my research, I would say that the answer would be 1,627,4156,000. I hope you are satisfied with my answer and feel free to ask for more
Answer:
29/35
Step-by-step explanation:
probability of choosing a boy or an A student = (boys + a students - a boys)/total -->
probability of choosing a boy or an A student = (17 + 20 - 8)/35 -->
probability of choosing a boy or an A student = 29/35
