Answer:
According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.
Entry of peanut allergen into body
When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.
Allergic response
There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.
Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)
Step 1.
When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.
Step 2
HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.
Step 3
Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.
Step 4
B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.
It depends on whatever it's real or just a simple theory. But, at times it may not be simple as it seems, because theories are often left as theories. In the near future (or even now) they'll be testing to see if theories can be proven as a fact!
Good luck!
Answer:
The first line of defence includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, 'friendly' bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.
Explanation:
In eukaryotic cells cellular structure is composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule histone octamer.
In eukaryotes, however, genetic material is housed inside the nucleus and tightly packaged into linear chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of a DNA protein complex called chromatin this is prepared into subunits referred to as nucleosomes. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. each cell usually incorporates 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The records in DNA is stored as a code made from four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA includes about bases, and greater than 99 percentage of those bases are the identical in every person.
DNA is tightly packed up to healthy inside the nucleus of each cell. As proven within the animation, a DNA molecule wraps round histone proteins to shape tight loops known as nucleosomes. these nucleosomes coil and stack collectively to shape fibers referred to as chromatin.
Learn more about eukaryotic cells here:- brainly.com/question/495097
#SPJ4
