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Tju [1.3M]
4 years ago
15

How many chromosomes does a body cell for the organism (egg and sperm) have?

Biology
1 answer:
DiKsa [7]4 years ago
4 0
Growth and repair
creation of gametes (sex cells)
method of reproduction in unicellular organisms
Binary Fission - type of reproduction that occurs in bacterial cells, single celled organism splits and becomes two identical organisms

Chromosomes and DNA

Chromosomes are DNA wrapped around proteins to form an X-shaped structure.



The diagram will help you see the relationship.

1. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
2. Chromosomes are made of DNA
3. Sections of chromosomes are called genes



DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid (it is the genetic code that contains all the information needed to build and maintain an organism)





Chromosome Structure







Chromosome Numbers

Each organism has a distinct number of chromosomes, in humans, every cell contains 46 chromosomes. Other organisms have different numbers, for instance, a dog has 78 chromosomes per cell.

Somatic Cells - body cells, such as muscle, skin, blood ...etc. These cells contain a complete set of chromosomes (46 in humans) and are called DIPLOID.

Sex Cells - also known as gametes. These cells contain half the number of chromosomes as body cells and are called HAPLOID

Chromosomes come in pairs, called Homologous Pairs (or homologs). Imagine homologs as a matching set, but they are not exacly alike, like a pair of shoes.

Diploid cells have 23 homologous pairs = total of 46

Haploid cells have 23 chromosomes (that are not paired) = total of 23

Homologous Chromosomes



Sex Determination

Chromosomes determine the sex of an offspring. In humans, a pair of chromosomes called SEX CHROMOSOMES determine the sex.

If you have XX sex chromosomes - you are female

If you have XY sex chromosomes - you are male

During fertilization, sperm cells will either contain an X or a Y chromosome (in addition to 22 other chromosomes - total of 23). If a sperm containing an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be female. If a sperm cell containing a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male.

Creation of a Zygote

When two sex cells, or gametes come together, the resulting fertilized egg is called a ZYGOTE

Zygotes are diploid and have the total 46 chromosomes (in humans)

Karyotype

A karyotype is a picture of a person's (or fetus) chromosomes. A karyotype is often done to determine if the offspring has the correct number of chromosomes. An incorrect number of chromosomes indicates that the child will have a condition, like Down Syndrome

Compare the Karyotypes below













Notice that a person with Down Syndrome has an extra chromosome #21. Instead of a pair, this person has 3 chromosomes - a condition called TRISOMY (tri = three)

Trisomy results when chromosomes fail to separate - NONDISJUNCTION - when sex cells are created. The resulting egg or sperm has 24 instead of the normal 23.

Other conditions result from having the wrong number of chromosomes:

Klinefelters Syndrome - XXY (sex chromosomes)

Edward Syndrome - Trisomy of chromosome #13
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Ivenika [448]

Answer: The attachment listed some cell organelles,although there isn't a specific question on then but am going to be defining each of them and state their functions as well.

1. The Nucleus; The is command centre of the cell, it is made up of nuleolus, chromosomes, nucleoplasm,nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina.

it contains the genetic/hereditary materials that the cell is made up of.

The Nucleus plays a great role in the control of growth and development of the cell.

The nucleus also coordinates some of the the activities of the cell like cell division and protein synthesis.

2. Cytoplasm; The cytoplasm is one of the cell organelles,it is the liquid portion of the cell,it consists of cell contents between the plasma and the cell membrane. The fluid cytoplasmic material is where many cell organelles are found/suspended fluid. Most activities carried out by the cell occurs in the cytoplasm.

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum; The Endoplasmic Reticulum is one of the cell organelles that have the structure of a network of flattened sacs and tubules and play a crucial role in plant and animal cell. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks attached ribosomes in them thus giving it the smooth appearance.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum functions in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in and out of the cell and also the production of lipids.

4. Golgi Body; One of the plant organelles that plays a role in the sorting and organizing the proteins produced and processed by the Endoplasmic Reticulum. these proteins are sorted and packed in vessicles to be used by the body.

5. Mitochondria; (a double membrane organelle). It is otherwise known as the powerhouse of the cell,it produce/generate energy in the form of ATP needed for cellular respiration. These energy produced is used for other cellular metabolic activities.

6. Lysosome (Animal) Chloroplast (Plant); Lysosomes are found in most animal cells, they function by digesting good and garbage,they contains acids that aids this function in the stomach of the cell and when the lysosome is diseased or explodes,the cell stops functioning.

The Chloroplast on the other hand is found in the cells of plants and algae,they play a crucial broke in photosynthesis by capturing the energy from the sun and turning the captured energy into usable forms like sugar,glucose and other organic molecules.

7. Cell Membrane; The cell membrane is the cell organelle that forms a boundary between the cell and the sorounding environment.

The cell membrane as well controls the movement of cellular materials in and out of the cell.

8. Nucleolus; The nucleolus is one of the cell organelles where ribosomes are made. The ribosomes are small grain-shaped organelles that make protein and they are found in the surface of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Nucleolus are small and round in structure and are found in the nucleus,

9. Vacoule (Plant Cells) Centrioles (Animal Cells); The vacoule is a storage chamber(reservoir) for wanted and unwanted materials in the cell, the vacoule is found within the cytoplasm and it is enclosed by a membrane that typically contains fluid.

The centrioles on the part of the animal cell is a cell organelle that has a structure of a two hollow cylinders,ring of microtubules next to each other(the centrosome).the centrioles are located just outside the nucleus of the cell.

Centrioles function by producing the mitotic spindles for cell division, and also assisting to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite end of the cell during cell division.

10. Cell Wall; A protective semi permeable rigid outer layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

The cell wall houses the organelles of the plant cell.

The cell wall functions by giving the cell strength and structure,it's semi permeable nature filters and selectively allows certain materials in and out of the cell.

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damaskus [11]

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5 0
2 years ago
How do ocean currents influence the climate of a place?
sveticcg [70]

<u>ANSWER:</u>

The correct option is A: They transport heat over long distances affecting the wind that blows over the land.

<u>EXPLANATION:</u>

  • Ocean currents carry cool or warm water or currents over long distances thereby affecting the wind that blows over the place bringing about a change in the climate.
  • When the ocean currents carry cool air, the warm wind gets displaced by the cool air and therefore the climate of the place becomes cold.
  • When the ocean currents carry warm air or water, the climate of the place becomes warmer.
  • By transporting hot or cold currents, the ocean currents affect the climatic conditions of land and so bring about a change of weather.
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4 years ago
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Although cellular respiration involves many steps, the whole process can be represented by a single equation. A + B → C + D + E
Deffense [45]

Answer:

A: glucose

B: oxygen

C: carbon dioxide

D: water

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I just took the test and it was right

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