Answer: (Smallest = left) (Largest = right)
Individual = community = population = biome = biosphere = ecosystem
Sickle cell trait is apparently an adaptation for the prevention of Malaria. Sickle cell trait is a condition in which the red blood cells are abnormally shaped, if they inherit two faulty copies of the gene for the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin. The faulty gene persists because even carrying one copy of it confers some resistance to malaria. As a result, the frequencies of sickle cell carriers are high in malaria endemic areas.
One example of a mutation that could occur in a species that might increase its lifespan is increased bone density. With high bone density, an animal is more likely to survive a heavy hit with no bone damage. This, in turn, means that the animal's vital organs are able to be protected by the bones, meaning the difference between life and death.