The philosophy drove 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion and was used to justify the forced removal of Native Americans and other groups from their homes. The rapid expansion of the United States intensified the issue of slavery as new states were added to the Union, leading to the outbreak of the Civil War.
<span>The federal judiciary is the branch of government that holds trials and decides cases under the nation's laws. The powers of the federal judiciary appear in Article III of the U.S. Constitution. America adopted the Constitution in 1788. Before then, the country did not have a separate judiciary. Instead Congress exercised all the powers of the nation's government.</span>
<span>States had to ratify all three Reconstruction amendments.</span>
