Top-down effects imply control through predation, including fishery, while
bottom-up effects imply control through food abundance, often thought to be driven by climate or nutrient load.
<h3>What is Top down regulation ?</h3>
The top-down effect refers to a higher trophic level influences the community structure of a lower trophic level through predation.
<h3>What is Bottom up regulation ?</h3>
The bottom-up effect means that a lower trophic level in the biological network affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction
Learn more about Top down and bottom up regulation here:
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1.) plasma
2.) Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body so they can keep working.
3.)no
It can breakout if the resistance stayed the same
First of all, only hermaphrodites can produce offspring by themselves, and most of the time, they end up being genetically mutated, but either way it is called asexual reproduction
