Answer: Proximity to active volcanoes
Explanation:
When volcanoes erupt, they can generate tsunamis in the following ways:
-Parts of the volcano (some of them may be underwater) could collapse, generating a big displacement of water and resulting in a tsunami.
-The magma chamber could also collapse as it empties, also generating water displacement.
-If the volcanoes are near to the shore, debris resulting from the eruption could hit the water at fast speeds, producing big waves and eventually a tsunami.
In this case, the proximity of Palu city to active volcanoes, especially ones that are so close to the shore, increases the risk of a tsunami.
(a) 
The frequency of a wave is given by:

where
v is the wave's speed
is the wavelength
For the red laser light in this problem, we have
(speed of light)

Substituting,

(b) 427.6 nm
The wavelength of the wave in the glass is given by

where
is the original wavelength of the wave in air
n = 1.48 is the refractive index of glass
Substituting into the formula,

(c) 
The speed of the wave in the glass is given by

where
is the original speed of the wave in air
n = 1.48 is the refractive index of glass
Substituting into the formula,

Explanation:
Q= mc∆T
∆T= 5-24=- 19
Q= 0.5*4186*-19
Q= -39767 J
negative sign show heat releases