Assuming that the affection is a recessive trait caused by a single diallelic gene, the percentage of the population that possess the heter0zyg0us advantage is 32%.
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Available data</h3>
- 1000 of African people population
- 4% of the population is born with sickle cell anemia
100% of the population -------------------- 1000 individuals
4% of the population with anemia------- X = (4 x 1000) / 100 = 40
0.04 is the frequency of individuals with sickle cell anemia.
Assuming that the affection is a recessive trait caused by a single diallelic gene, we can get the allelic frequency as follows.
- The genotypic frequency is q² = 0.04
- The allelic frequency is q = √0.04 = 0.2
Having the recessive allelic frequency, we can get the dominant allelic frequency, by clearing the following equation,
p + q = 1
p = 1 - q
p = 1 - 0.2
p = 0.8
So, the allelic frequencies are
p = 0.8
q = 0.2
To get the heter0zyg0us frequency, we just need to replace the values
2pq = 2 x p x q = 2 x 0.2 x 0.8 = 0.32
The frequency of the heter0zyg0us genotype is 0.32 = 32%.
32% of the population possess the heterozygous advantage.
You can learn more about Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at
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The answer is because they are not necessary for the plant to reproduce
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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Answer:
The correct answer is option D. True tissues.
Explanation:
The cell that made sponge does not form the tissue however sponge have cells that play important role and specific for specific function but does not have true tissues.
In other animal phyla cells form tissue or organ or organ systems and called as true tissues.
Thus, the correct answer is option D. True tissues.
Answer:
Dust bowl resulted from extreme drying and loosening of the soil that resulted in soil erosion by wind. Thus, it can be related that poor agricultural practices like over plowing , over grazing and leaving the land barren are human activities that must have contributed to the dust bowl.
Explanation:
- Dust bowl is referred to a period in early twentieth century when the the American and Canadian prairies faced severe dust storms.
- These dust storms resulted from severe drought and failure of practices to prevent soil erosion.
- Several people and livestock died as a result of choking.
- Over plowing, removal of top soil and small grasses exposed the soil to eroding winds and caused the dust storms.
