Answer:
a. The Equal Protection Clause is a clause from the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause provides that "nor shall any State [...] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".
Its purpose is to apply substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War. Hence, in Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993), Supreme Court held that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause while bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act.
While in the case of Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 234 (2001), Supreme Court held that the State violated the Equal Protection Clause in drawing the 1997 boundaries was based on clearly erroneous findings.
b. In the case of Easley v. Cromartie, an appeal from the decision given in hunt v. Cromartie was filed in the supreme court of the United States by Easley. In hunt v. Cromartie, the court held that the legislature of North Carolina did not use the factor of race while drawing the boundaries in the twelfth congressional district,1992. It was held by the court that the legislature did not violate the equal protection clause of the constitution and no evidence to prove that legislature set its boundaries on a racial basis rather than a political basis.
In Easley v Cromartie the appeal was that drawing the boundaries for voting violated the equal protection clause of the constitution. The supreme court of the United States held that the decision of the district court is erroneous because it actually relied upon racial factors and this is not in the interest of the state.
In Shaw v. Reno the court concluded that the plan of North Carolina tried to segregate the voters on the basis of race.
Answer:
The Elastic Clause
Explanation:
The Necessary and Proper Clause is often called the Elastic Clause because it caused the powers of Congress to snap. Congress can appropriate money to different deparments of the Federal Government. McCulloch v. Maryland gave strength to implied powers and elevated the Federal Government over the States.
Answer: see explanation below
Explanation: the synapse is the junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass. Typically when the same experiences trigger nerve responses over synapses, they are remembered (strengthened) leading to even faster responses very much like the muscle memory. The NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability, very critical for the development of the central nervous system and various processes vital to learning, memory, and the formation of neural networks during development in the central nervous system (CNS). Since memories are assumed to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is key to learning and memory. In this, the NMDA receptor is very crucial for controlling synaptic plasticity (the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken, in response to increases or decreases in their activity over time) and memory function.
