Answer: C. Common law
Explanation:
Since the judge cites precedent when delivering a ruling in a case, then he is harkening back to a practice that was begun in a set of common laws.
Common law refers to a body of unwritten laws that was based on legal precedents that was established by the courts. It should be noted that common law influences the process of decision-making in cases whereby it's difficult to determine the outcome of the case based on the written rules of law.
Answer: nothing; because Sam is an independent contractor.
Explanation:
Under the law of agency, an agency is created when an authority is delegated from one individual to another individual whereby such person is appointed to do a particular job.
Based on the information given, Joe is not liable liable to the passer-by because Sam is an independent contractor as he was contracted to Casey out a task. If he was an employee of Joe, then he will be liable.
Answer:
The answer according to the severity of crime would most likely be probation.
Explanation:
The judge will grant probation and the inmate has to comply with the terms.
The Constitution protects property rights through the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' Due Process Clauses and, more directly, through the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause: "nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.