Bony fish belong to Class Osteichthyes, while cartilaginous fish belong to Class Chondrichthyes. Bony fish have a bony skeleton, while cartilaginous fish have one composed mostly of cartilage. Bony fish have body coverings of scales, while cartilaginous fish are covered with dendritical projections (think shark skin).
Bony fish are found in fresh and salt water; cartilaginous fish are found only in salt water. Bony fish have gills covered by an operculum; cartilaginous fish have gill slits. Bony have no eyelids; the cartilaginous fish do. Bony fish have an air-filled swim bladder; cartilaginous fish have an oil-filled liver to keep them bouyant. Hope this helps! Whew!
The right option is d.
comparative advantages
The comparative advantages
pattern of organization places several alternatives side by side and show why one
of them is more advantageous than the other. The items or alternatives to be
compared are in relation to one another and are functionally equal.
Answer:
When a muscle cell contracts, the myosin heads each produce a single power stroke.
Explanation:
In rest, attraction strengths between myosin and actin filaments are inhibited by the tropomyosin. When the muscle fiber membrane depolarizes, the action potential caused by this depolarization enters the t-tubules depolarizing the inner portion of the muscle fiber. This activates calcium channels in the T tubules membrane and releases calcium into the sarcolemma. At this point, <em>tropomyosin is obstructing binding sites for myosin on the thin filament</em>. When calcium binds to the troponin C, the troponin T alters the tropomyosin by moving it and then unblocks the binding sites. Myosin heads bind to the uncovered actin-binding sites forming cross-bridges, and while doing it ATP is transformed into ADP and inorganic phosphate which is liberated. Myofilaments slide impulsed by chemical energy collected in myosin heads, <u>producing a power stroke</u>. The power stroke initiates when the myosin cross-bridge binds to actin. As they slide, ADP molecules are released. A new ATP links to myosin heads and breaks the bindings to the actin filament. Then ATP splits into ADP and phosphate, and the energy produced is accumulated in the myosin heads, which starts a new binding cycle to actin. Z-bands are then pulled toward each other, thus shortening the sarcomere and the I-band, and producing muscle fiber contraction.
If thousands of glucose molecules were bonded together with equal numbers of sucrose molecules, the resulting substance could be described as a polysaccharide. They are <span>polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages.</span>
