Answer:
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL).
The structure of a typical antibody molecule
Antibodies are the secreted form of the B-cell receptor. An antibody is identical to the B-cell receptor of the cell that secretes it except for a small portion of the C-terminus of the heavy-chain constant region. In the case of the B-cell receptor the C-terminus is a hydrophobic membrane-anchoring sequence, and in the case of antibody it is a hydrophilic sequence that allows secretion. Since they are soluble, and secreted in large quantities, antibodies are easily obtainable and easily studied. For this reason, most of what we know about the B-cell receptor comes from the study of antibodies.
Antibody molecules are roughly Y-shaped molecules consisting of three equal-sized portions, loosely connected by a flexible tether. Three schematic representations of antibody structure, which has been determined by X-ray crystallography, are shown in Fig. 3.1. The aim of this part of the chapter is to explain how this structure is formed and how it allows antibody molecules to carry out their dual tasks—binding on the one hand to a wide variety of antigens, and on the other hand to a limited number of effector molecules and cells. As we will see, each of these tasks is carried out by separable parts of the molecule. The two arms of the Y end in regions that vary between different antibody molecules, the V regions. These are involved in antigen binding, whereas the stem of the Y, or the C region, is far less variable and is the part that interacts with effector cells and molecules.
Classification is as follows -
- Unblinded
- Single blind
- Double blind
- Double blind
- Single blind
During research performed in studies, it is highly important to not know the details of patients and the treatment they are receiving. This is called blinding and is commonly in practices in clinical trials involving randomized Controlled Trials (RCT). There are two types of trials namely, RCT and placebo. RCT aims to remove the involvement of biased treatment. For this, different people are assigned different treatment. Placebo involves assigning inactive medication in order to replicate the treatment consequences.
Coming back to blinding, it is of three types namely, single blinding, double blinding and triple blinding. Single blinding is the situation when usually the patient does not know about the treatment i.e. one party is blinded. Double blinding indicates that researchers and patients, both are unaware of the which specific treatment is received by whom. Triple blinding is the situation where only Principle Investigator holds information about the details of study. Here, patient and all the people involved in study are unaware of treatments assigned. In the case of unblinded trial, everyone is aware of the treatment being given.
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The complete question is -
Classify each of the hypothetical experiments as double blind, single blind, or unblinded. At least one experimental technique will be used more than once.
- A pharmaceutical company claims that their new eye drop formula is more effective at treating glaucoma than the standard one. A group of doctors decide to test the claim, and they ask their patients to choose which type of eye drop they would like to receive. The doctors keep track of the number of patients prescribed each formula that go blind within five years.
- A baker wants to test if his customers can taste the difference between his regular and his gluten-free chocolate cupcakes. He gives both cupcakes to each of 100 customers, randomly varying which type of cupcake is presented on the left. After tasting both cupcakes, he asks each customer which cupcake is gluten-free.
- A marketing researcher hires three different artists to design a new animal spokesperson for his company. The researcher has a favorite but wants to determine which will be most beloved by the American public. He sends out an anonymous online survey with pictures of the three animal spokespersons to 10,000 randomly selected people. In each survey, the position of the animal spokespersons on the screen is randomized.
- A researcher designs a clinical trial to test if a new medication is effective at relieving heartburn. Each participant in the trial is assigned a random number. Each number is associated with receiving either the medication or a placebo, both of which look and taste identical. The researcher does not have any direct contact with the participants.
- A psychologist wants to test whether playing classical music or white noise is more effective at getting children to fall asleep. She creates 500 classical music CDs and 500 white noise CDs. The CDs are visually indistinguishable. She assigns one CD at random to each of 1000 parents, and they administer the treatment. She monitors the children's sleep patterns from image-only videos and then asks the parents which type of CD they received.
The formation of protobionts that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids have not yet been researched by scientist in order to learn about the origins of life on Earth
Answer:
non luminous is your answer.
