The correct answer is A. rainforests are responsible for most global oxygen turnover.
This is not true because rainforests, even though they have a lot of trees, are very humid, and actually take up a lot of oxygen to be able to 'feed' the vegetation found there. Other forests actually provide most oxygen in the world, but not rainforests. The other options are correct.
The extraordinary continuity of Chinese colonialism or that of the Aztecs in Central America before the Spaniards arrived is indeed structurally comparable to modern European expansion.
About 4,200 - 4,300 million cubic meters was used
The generally accepted measure of the standard of living is GDP per capita. Real GDP per capita removes the effects of inflation or price increases. Real GDP is a better measure of the standard of living than nominal GDP. A country that produces a lot will be able to pay higher wages.
Patriarchy refers to a society ruled by fathers.