Answer:
b) At equilibrium, the species composition of an island will not change.
Explanation:
The Theory of Island Biogeography written by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson (1967) is an essential book for any professional working in biogeography, biodiversity, ecology, conservation and related fields. The theory of island biogeography states that species diversity on islands tends to approach a dynamic equilibrium due to the balance between colonization (inmigration), speciation and extinction. At equilibrium, the species composition of an island will change, precisely at the time that immigration and extinction processes maintain the number of species in a dynamic equilibrium, thereby maintaining species diversity. In this case, the colonization rate represents a function of distance to the continent (or other islands), the extinction rate is a function of the size of the island and habitat heterogeneity, and speciation is a function of time. This book also contains a series of useful considerations: 1-the number of species in an area is directly associated with the size of the area; 2-large islands support more diverse communities than small islands; 3-the viability of populations on island systems can be considered as a function of the island size and its proximity to the mainland (or other islands); and 4- when a habitat is lost the remaining fragmented area may lose some of its important species.
On the earth surface
Explanation:
The long-wavelength radiation is created on the earth surface when electromagnetic radiation is re-emitted.
- The sun releases radiation in form of short-wave.
- They are usually more energetic and with short wavelength and a high frequency.
- When they interact with materials on the earth, they are radiated back as long-wavelength radiation that usually causes heat.
- Ultraviolet rays and other high energy waves are emitted from the sun because it is a very hot body.
- When these radiations enters the earth, they are re-radiated back as long waves with lower energy.
- Earth is cooler than the sun
- When some of the short waves for example, the ultraviolet rays gets to the surface, it is absorbed and re-radiated back.
- When the short waves are absorbed, they lose some of their their energy to the earth surface.
- The remainder is radiated back as less energetic long waves.
- The hotter a body is, the more energetic the radiation it releases.
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Answer:
Differences in temperature or precipitation determine the types of plants that grow in a given area (Figure 1). Generally speaking, height, density, and species diversity decreases from warm, wet climates to cool, dry climates. Raunkiaer (1934) classified plant life forms based on traits that varied with climate.
Explanation:
Shivering
Explanation: shivering action is an act to warm a homoeothermic body. Sweating makes the body cool, panting don’t keep body warm and dilating blood vessels does not keep body warm instead constriction of blood vessels is the initial process to conserve body heat followed by waves of muscle contraction, which is nothing but shivering. Alteration of the set point in torpor is also not the right answer
