Answer:
a. Variable interval reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on time, whereas variable ratio reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on behaviors
Explanation:
Variable here means number of responses/behaviours or amount of time between reinforcements vary or change. Interval means schedule works with time or is based on time between reinforcements hence the name variable interval reinforcement. Ratio here means the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements hence the name variable ratio reinforcement schedule. Both reinforcement occur randomly or inconsistently and none is fixed or specified, this is why the variable is there, but they now differ by "time" and "behavior"
Answer:
In past years the College Entrance tests such as the ACT and SAT have been accused of this type of bias. The topics selected for essay questions favored middle and upper class white students who would have more familiarity with the culture or experiences that the questions covered.
Likewise the vocabulary and literature selections were things that minorities and less privileged students would be less familiar with.
The northern latitudinal position of the Russian domain
