The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached, we can say the following.
To what extent are political disputes and conflicts in the Middle East rooted in sectarian differences, and to what extent does this sectarianism impact the socialization of members of the different sects?
Indeed sectarian differences have been affected the relationships of many Muslim countries in the Middle East to the extent that these differences have been the causes of many conflicts and even wars. These sectarian differences impact the socialization of members of the different sects in that they automatically turned into enemies, more than rivalries, and it has been difficult for these people to establish peaceful relations in the region.
For instance, that is the case of two important Muslim sects, Suni Muslims and Shia Muslims. If the religious differences are already a big issue, now the political problems have increased the differences between the two.
Answer:
(D) Nay-saying
Explanation:
According to my research on bureaucratic and political terminology, I can say that based on the information provided within the question this is probably due to Nay-saying. This is referred to as the act of say no to; deny or oppose something continuously. This act throws back policies or any progress at all from moving forward.
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That changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable