It was Tycho Brahe a Danish nobleman in the 16th century
<span>proton gradient</span> establishment
Chemiosmosis is the process that allows the diffusion of a
molecule or an atom through the membrane. Also, it is the movement of ions
across semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradients. In chloroplast,
chemiosmotic coupling is an important factor in ATP production through proton
gradient establishment.
Answer:
D. abiotic factors
Explanation:
Some examples of abiotic factors are water, soil, air, sunlight, temperature, and minerals.
