What Provides long-term energy storage for animals

One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to ____________ , which then causes inflammation thr

wel

Answer:

One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3b binding to the surface of microbes, which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.

Explanation:

C3b binds to the surface of microbes (opsonin), and functions as a component of C3 and C5 convertases while C3a stimulates inflammation.

The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by the deposition of C3b on the surface of a microbe. The microbe- bound C3b binds another protein called Factor B, which is then broken down by a plasma protease called Factor D to generate the Bb fragment.

This fragment remains attached to C3b, and the C3bBb complex functions as an enzyme, called C3 convertase, to break down more C3. The C3 convertase is stabilized by properdin, a positive regulator of the complement system.

As a result of this enzymatic activity, many more C3b and C3bBb molecules are produced and become attached to the microbe. Some of the C3bBb molecules bind an additional C3b molecule, and the resulting C3bBb3b complexes function as C5 convertases, to break down the complement protein C5 and initiate the late steps of complement activation.

The main effectors of the complement system are opsonization, cell lysis and inflammation. It also stimulates B cell responses and antibody production.

4 0

3 years ago

What causes the wind and ocean currents?

natima [27]

Liked my hardwork and make it brainliest

Explanation:

Ocean currents can be caused by wind,density differences in water masses caused by temperature and salinity variations,gravity,and events such as earthquakes and storms...Surface currents in the ocean are driven by global wind systems that are fueled by energy from the sun.

6 0

2 years ago

Give two examples of environments that involve more than one sphere. I will give brainliest.

Soloha48 [4]

A swamp involves the biosphere and the hydrosphere

a farm involves the biosphere and the atomosphere

3 0

3 years ago

erica [24]

Alright my friend the answer to your question will be true let's put an example in to inform why it is alright so say you and your cousin look a like that's because the genetics are similar but not exactly the same

6 0

3 years ago

21) What is the measure of how high or how low a wave sounds?

OLga [1]

Answer:

[D] Pitch

Explanation:

The measure of how high or low a sound is called the pitch.

6 0

2 years ago