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Answer:
poverty- lack of education, lack of law enforcement
lack of freedom of speech
lack of right civil society
Explanation:
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Primary appraisal appraisal involves judging whether a stressor is either a threat or a challenge.
<h3>Define Primary appraisal . </h3>
The cognitive process known as primary appraisal takes place when a person evaluates whether or not an incident is upsetting and significant to them. An assessment of the event's threat, likelihood of harm or loss, and challenge are made at this phase.
<h3>Describe Primary and secondary evaluation.</h3>
It is important to first assess whether the stressor is dangerous. The individual's assessment of the tools or coping mechanisms at his or her disposal for dealing with any perceived risks constitutes secondary appraisal.
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According to Benjamin Constant, Liberty of the ancient required a long time and great effort to realize the involvement of the people in the political system.
<h3>Who is Benjamin Constant?</h3>
Benjamin Constant is a Swiss-French political activist and writer on politics and religion. He wrote a psychological-biographical novel called Adolphe. He is a loud liberal figure.
Benjamin Constant tries to replace <em>"Liberty of the Ancients"</em> with <em>"Liberty of the Moderns"</em>. The Liberty of the Ancients is a free, participatory republic, which gives citizens the right to directly influence politics through debate and voting in public meetings. In order to support the level of citizen participation, it takes a long time and considerable effort. He wants people to easily gather in one place to discuss public affairs.
The Liberty of the Moderns, on the other hand, is based on the possession of civil liberties, the rule of law, and freedom from excessive state interference.
According to Constant, a modern state can be seen from the unlimited direct participation. The modern state can also be seen from its commercial society and no slaves. But everyone has to earn a living through work. In the political field, citizens will elect representatives, who will negotiate in Parliament on behalf of the people and will save citizens from having to be involved in everyday politics.
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