The answer is D. the pope and the Catholic Church.
Hard power is the ability of a sovereign nation to be able to influence the decisions of another country through either military action or economic blackouts.
Some examples include:
- Economic sanctions
- Military action like air strikes, invasions, etc
- Withdrawal of medical aid, etc.
Soft power is the power of a country to use diplomatic means to resolve issues in another country or to help influence decisions without war.
Some examples include:
- Diplomatic talks with the ambassador
- Cultural exchange, etc
Please note that your question is incomplete as you did not give complete details and as a result of this, i would give a general overview.
As a result of this, both hard power and soft power can help to resolve conflict and de-escalate issues
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ANSWER: THE SPECIAL-INTEREST EFFECT.
EXPLANATION: The act of seeking public funds for financing projects that produce numerous gains or benefits for a concentrated number of individuals, thereby imposing small costs on a relatively large number of individuals is referred to as SPECIAL-INTEREST EFFECT.
This proposition is often practiced by government, whereby they incorporate projects with funds from numerous cost bearers and the projects are ultimately enjoyed by few beneficiaries.