While citing the source in the research paper, "2011" refers to the date/year the source was published.
A “citation” refers to the way a writer or publisher can tell its readers that certain material in the work has been taken from another source. It also gives readers the information that is necessary to locate the actual source with reference of the works Cited page. A citation compulsorily includes a set of parentheses.
There are certain elements to be included while writing the citation:
- Author of paper.
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
- Title of conference proceedings: subtitle (in italics)
Therefore, "2011" refers to the date/year the source was published.
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The connotative meaning of the word "biological" in this excerpt is instinctive.
<h3>What is the connotative meaning?</h3>
This is slightly different from the dictionary or denotative meaning because it refers to a meaning associated with feelings, culture, experiences, etc.
<h3>What does "biological" mean?</h3>
In this excerpt "biological" most likely means "instinctive" or "natural" and it refers to the feeling of the character for the father that has emerged from his/her nature.
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Is - two billion dollars is a unit, one unit so it is singular and you use the singular verb
think - scientists is a plural, therefore, you must use the plural verb form of think
