They can be described through GENOTYPE because dominant always shows through phenotype.
According to the theory of vitalism all the living substances are special and are distinct from the non-living substances, that is, they comprise a unique entity within themselves. This soul or entity distinguishes them from the non-living components.
However, the theory was rejected when urea was taken out successfully from a non-living matter by Wohler, proving the fact that the biological constituents can be extracted from a non-living source. The modern scientists now believe that the living things are just more composite than the non-living substances.
The only way to send information back and forth is to use radio waves. Just like a radio station broadcasts a signal which you can listen to using a radio, astronauts and people on Earth can broadcast information back and forth to each other.
Radio waves are transverse waves.
Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produce 4ATP. So the net gain is true.
Oxygen is used in the Electron Transport Chain as the final electron recipient from complex 4 cytochrome a₃.
Explanation:
Glycolysis is the process which is common in all forms of respiration where glucose is metabolized into pyruvate. This process is very essential to continue the next steps of different respiration. Glycolysis requires 2 molecules to process substrate level phosphorylation to convert glucose to glucose 6 phosphate and fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate. But it produces 4 ATPs. Thus net gain is 2ATP.
In ETC, the hydrogen carriers NADH and FADH gives off the hydrogen to reduce the complex 1 and 2 respectively and itself gets oxidized. Thus the electron given off is transferred between 4 complexes to finally give off to oxygen to form water.
