Answer:
1/16
Explanation:
Sickle-cell disease is caused by a homozygous recessive genotype <em>dd</em>.
A man and a woman both heterozygous Dd will have the following offspring:
The probability of having a <em>dd</em> child with Sickle-cell disease is 1/4. Each time they have children the gamete combination is random, so the genotype of the second child is independent from the genotype of the first child.
According to rules of probability, if two events are independent from each other, the probability of both happening is calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each.
Therefore the probability of having the first two children with the disease is 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16.
When an oncogene is turned on and is not balanced through suppression
of tumor suppressor gene, the normal
cells become cancerous and divides unregulated.
Normal cells differentiate while cancer cells do not. Additionally,
while normal cells respond to endocrine
and paracrine signals from neighboring cells, cancer
cells do not. Cancer cells have malfunctioned
apoptosis process due to a malfunctioned p53
tumor suppressor gene. Therefore they
continue to divide even when they have damage to their DNA. Cancer cells metastasize because, unlike normal cells, they do not produce an adhesive molecule that allows the cells to adhere to one another to form tissue.
A trophic level is each step in a food chain that demonstrates the transfer of energy.
A trophic level is any feeding level in a food chain through which energy in the form of food is transferred in an ecosystem. A food chain contains five main trophic levels which are; (i) primary producers (autotrophs; plants and algae), (ii) primary consumers (herbivores), (iii) Secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores), (iv) Tertiary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) and (v) Apex predators.
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They form into more molecules as they produce more
