Answer:
A small piece of circular DNA called a plasmid? is extracted from the bacteria or yeast cell. A small section is then cut out of the circular plasmid by restriction enzymes, 'molecular scissors'. The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified.
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
There are several key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are found in multicellular plants and animals, whereas prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea which are ususlly unicellular. I have summarised the key differences below:
Prokayotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, instead they have circular DNA that is free in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall. Their cell wall is made from a different material to a plant cell, a glycoprotein called murein.
Prokaryotic cells may also have a protective layer called a capsule, flagellum to aid in movement and one or more plasmids.
Answer: The question is not complete, here is the completed part gotten from other website.
Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks. Hagfishes, lungfishes, and frogs have lobed fins.
Lancelets and coelacanths are more closely related than are chimaeras and coelacanths.
Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates.
Descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits. birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws.
rays and frogs have vertebrae. organism (c) is a common ancestor of lampreys and lungfishes?
The correct options are;
Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks.
Descendants of organism (d) have legs.
Rays and frogs have a vertebral column.
-Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws
Explanation:
This is because phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that entails different evolutionary relationships that occur between organisms or biological species having common decent or ancestors and showing similar and differences in their genetic characteristics or traits. It shows how species evolved from their ancestors.
