Explanation:
Lichen is the best species to determine the pollution of air. They are highly sensitive to pollution and will barely be found growing on trees or rock in regions where the air has been polluted.
Worms are also a good indicators of pollution in the soil. Polluted soils will have very few to no worms.
Small invertebrates like the Caddisfly are used to determine pollution of water. They are very sensitive to water pollution and cannot be found in polluted waters. In addition toads and frogs are rare in polluted waters and air.
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Well each layer has a certain amount of heat and the heat of the layers depend on how the earth is going to feel and when is it going to feel that way. Also they can create volcanos which make rocks and rocks can be used to create other rocks from the earth.
Answer:
The radiant energy of the sun is used by chlorophyll as an energy source to excite photosystems I and II, which are located in the membrane of the thylakoid.
Explanation:
When the light energy is converted into chemistry inside the photosystem, electrons are released and travel from photosystem II to photosystem I, through a protein complex; plastoquinone, cytochrome B, and plastocyanin.
When light hits, enzymes with REDOX power are activated while in photosystem I, one of the electrons converts NADP to NADPH, capturing protons from the stroma. Finally the NADPH and the ATP generated by the ATP synthetase of the thylakoid membrane, are products of the light stage of photosynthesis
Answer:
The H.M.S. Challenger embarked from Portsmouth, England on December 21, 1872 and changed the course of scientific history. Physicists, chemists, and biologists collaborated with expert navigators to map the sea. This interdisciplinary spirit has continued to the present day. During the 4 year journey, the voyages circumnavigated the globe, sounded the ocean bottom to a depth of 26,850 feet, found many new species, and provided collections for scores of biologists.
C. Wyville Thomson led the expedition but died of exhaustion from the journey, which ended on May 24, 1876. The Challenger had zig-zagged around the globe and had visited every continent, including Antarctica.
The reports of the Challenger expedition were supervised by Sir John Murray, whose biological conclusions were of great importance to the later development of marine biology. He concluded, for example, that the deep-sea fauna was not "ancient," in that it did not resemble the faunas found in ancient fossil deposits.
Explanation:
