The best answer from the ones mentioned is the last one: encomienda.
Encomienda is a system where the stronger partner provides protection to the weaker one in exchange for goods and services.
Answer:seed-tree method or seed-tree cutting
Explanation:
The seed tree method is a modified method of clear cutting where trees which are seen to be the best are left behind so that they can regenerate and become parent trees to the new forest.
When everything else is cut off 8 to 10 trees which shows to be perfectly healthy and matured are left behind for regeneration.
These are wind resistant trees with light seeds like maple trees. After the new trees have grown they may be cutt off or be left for the two age stand.
The Latitudes of Russia is 60
I believe it is most likely north. But, honestly, I am just making my best guess based on what I have learned about England so far..
