With the help of sucrose, it comes to known that the dissociation of a sugar-sugar bond generates one phosphorylated monosaccharide. Therefore, raffinose, which is a trisaccharide exhibits bonds of two sugar-sugar molecules. Post dissociation, they will generate one regular monosaccharide and two phosphorylated monosaccharides.
There will be the generation of net ATPs by each phosphorylated monosaccharide as they are already phosphorylated. While the regular monosaccharide, which is first needed to get phosphorylated will only produce two ATPs. Thus, a total of 8 ATPs will be produced by one molecule of raffinose. After dividing by three monosaccharides, the molecule will produce 8/3 = 2.67 ATPs per monosaccharide.
Gap junctions allow the exchange of ions, second messengers, and small metabolites between adjacent cells and are formed by two unrelated protein families, the pannexins and connexins.
<em><u>Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread waves of depolarization to contractile cells through gap junctions. If the depolarization causes the contractile cells to reach threshold, they will in turn generate an action potential.</u></em>
