1. Decreasing the temperature of the water.
2. One new atom with a large nucleus forms.
3.The reaction is an example of oxidation.
Answer:
a) [Tris0] : [Tris] = 1 : 100
b) Range = 7.1 to 9.1
Explanation:
a) Calculation of ratio of the basic and the acidic forms of tris
pH of a buffer is calculate using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Conjugate acid of Tris dissociated as

For tris,
Salt or Basic form = tris0
Acid or Acidic form = Tris
pKa = 8.1
pH = 6.1





[Tris0] : [Tris] = 1 : 100
b) Range of Tris
Range of any buffer is:
From (pKa -1) to (pKa+1)
So, range of Tris is:
From (8.1 - 1) to (8.1 +1)
or from 7.1 to 9.1
Let us write succinic acids as H2Suc
The first ionization is
H2Suc ----> HSuc- + H+
The seond ionization is
HSuc- ----> Suc-2 + H+
Calculate the H+ concentration of from the first ionization using pKa1.
Then, calculate the H+ concentration from the second ionization using pKa2.
Next, use the buffer equation to calculate the concentration of the salt in the solution. Then, use the given volume to get the number of moles of the salt. Finally, use the given molecular weight to get the mass.
Because H2O has 2 H and 1O and 1 H is already in the equation, the answer should contain 1H and 1O, meaning it's either H O- or OH- however the proper way to write it is OH
An easy was to remember is by writing H2O down as HOH and when you split it up it becomes H+ + OH-