Answer:
Bottom-up Estimation
Explanation:
Bottom-up estimation is a type of project cost estimation that considers the cost of individual project activities and finally sums them up or finds the aggregates. The summation gives an idea of what the entire project will cost.
This is an effective way of estimating the cost of a project as it evaluates the costs on a wholistic basis. It also considers the tiniest details during the estimation process. The process moves from the simpler details to the more complicated details.
Answer:
The solution to this question is 5.153×10⁻⁴(kmol)/(m²·s)
That is the rate of diffusion of ammonia through the layer is
5.153×10⁻⁴(kmol)/(m²·s)
Explanation:
The diffusion through a stagnant layer is given by

Where
= Diffusion coefficient or diffusivity
z = Thickness in layer of transfer
R = universal gas constant
= Pressure at first boundary
= Pressure at the destination boundary
T = System temperature
= System pressure
Where
= 101.3 kPa
,
,
0.5×101.3 = 50.65 kPa
Δz = z₂ - z₁ = 1 mm = 1 × 10⁻³ m
R =
T = 298 K and
= 1.18
= 1.8×10⁻⁵
= 5.153×10⁻⁴
Hence the rate of diffusion of ammonia through the layer is
5.153×10⁻⁴(kmol)/(m²·s)
Answer:
Attached below
Explanation:
PWM signal source has 1 KHz base frequency
Analog filter : with time constant = 0.01 s
low pass transfer function = 
PWM duty cycle is a constant block
Attached below is the design and simulation into Simulink at 25% , 50% and 100% respectively
There is 3 inches in one square