Answer:
you need four years of medical school resulting in an md or do degree 1 year internship in general surgery five to seven years in neurosurgery residency program
Airway blockage or limitation is a hallmark of the group of chronic, irreversible respiratory disorders known as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is not treatable or contagious. Reduced pulmonary airflow brought on by elevated inflammation characterises asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Two primary phenotypes have been established based on clinical, pathological, and radiological characteristics:
Emphysema type A and type B patients are referred to as "pink puffers" and "blue-bloaters," respectively (chronic bronchitis)
Dyspnea is the most common symptom in Type A patients, while cough and hypersecretion are mild. The main causes of the decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and frequently enlarged lung volumes in Type A patients include non-homogeneous ventilation and ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Type A patients also seldom have hypercapnia or recurrent heart failure.
Mucous hypersecretion is the predominant symptom of type B patients, although dyspnea is mild. While lung capacities are not expanded and carbon monoxide diffusing ability is often conserved, type B patients frequently exhibit hypercapnia, hypoxia, secondary pulmonary hypertension, and cardiovascular comorbidities.
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1950 I believe possibly 1970
