The structure of the skin is an effective barrier against bacteria. The multiple layers of epidermis, while can be invaded by foreign organisms, has a high turnover rate which means it is constantly shedding, therefore even the bacteria is shed protecting the body. Lastly, the skin's lipids maintain an acidic pH which slows and stops growth and replication of bacteria.
Mutations can affect the coding of "base pairs" in the chromosome of an individual by various means like:
1) by Deletion
2) by Duplication
3) by Translocation
4) by Inversion
After all that changes, codes deviates from normal information & can affect individual in negative way. In that manner, Mutations affect individual traits.
Hope this helps!
Answer:
The area under a speed-time graph represents the distance travelled.
If a woman takes HIV medicines during pregnancy and childbirth and her baby receives HIV medicines for 4 to 6 weeks after birth, the risk of transmitting HIV can be lowered to 2% or less. Most HIV medicines are safe to use during pregnancy, and don't increase the risk of birth defects.
In general, the infected mother should simply stay healthy and intake HIV medicines while she is pregnant.