Group 4A (or IVA) of the periodic table includes the nonmetal carbon (C), the metalloids silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), the metals tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), and the yet-unnamed artificially-produced element ununquadium (Uuq).

The Group 4A elements have four valence electrons in their highest-energy orbitals (ns2np2). Carbon and silicon can form ionic compounds by gaining four electrons, forming the carbide anion (C4-) and silicide anion (Si4-), but they more frequently form compounds through covalent bonding. Tin and lead can lose either their outermost p electrons to form 2+ charges (Sn2+, the stannous ion, and Pb2+, the plumbous ion) or their outermost s and p electrons to form 4+ charges (Sn4+, the stannic ion, and Pb4+, the plumbic ion).

Carbon (C, Z=6).

Carbon is most familiar as a black solid is graphite, coal, and charcoal, or as the hard, crystalline diamond form. The name is derived from the Latin word for charcoal, carbo. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 480 ppm, making it the 15th most abundant element. It is found in form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, in minerals such as limestone, marble, and dolomite (a mixture of calcium and

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3 0

3 years ago

Describe the intermolecular forces that must be overcome to convert these substances from a liquid to a gas: (a) SO2, (b) CH3COO

Andre45 [30]

You need to find which intermolecular forces are between the molecules
dipole-dipole,h bonds, etc.
I'm not very good at explaining but this is what my prof said to help us

Identify the class of the molecule or molecules you are given. Are they nonpolar species, ions or
do they have permanent dipoles? Is there only one species or are there two?
In the case of ONE species (i.e., a pure substance), the intermolecular forces will be between
molecules of the same type. So if you are dealing with ions, the intermolecular forces will be ION-
ION or IONIC. If you are dealing with dipoles, then the intermolecular forces will be DIPOLE-
DIPOLE. If you are dealing with nonpolar species, the intermolecular forces will be DISPERSION
or VAN DER WAALS or INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE (the last three are desciptions
of the same interaction; regrettably we cannot call them nonpolar-nonpolar!).
In the case of TWO species (i.e., a mixture), the intermolecular forces will be between molecules of
one type with molecules of the second type. For example, ION-DIPOLE interactions exist between
ions dissolved in a dipolar fluid such as water.

7 0

3 years ago

What is altered by a catalyst?

JulsSmile [24]

Answer:Effect of Catalysts on the Activation Energy. Catalysts provide a new reaction pathway in which a lower Activation energy is offered. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy so that more reactant molecules collide with enough energy to surmount the smaller energy barrier.

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7 0

3 years ago

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