Answer:
B
Explanation:
The Federalists believed that Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies was disloyal and feared that aliens living in the United States would sympathize with the French during a war. As a result, a Federalist-controlled Congress passed four laws, known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts.
In this letter to “Friends and Citizens,” Washington warned that the forces of geographical sectionalism, political factionalism, and interference by foreign powers in the nation's domestic affairs threatened the stability of the Republic.
Osmoreceptors within the hypothalamus detect and increase in plasma osmolarity. This results in a decrease in ADH release from the posterior pituitary, and hence decrease in water permeability of the collecting duct.
<h3>What is osmoregulation?</h3>
Osmoregulation is that the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to take care of the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and therefore the concentration of electrolytes to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
The tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis is osmotic pressure. The upper the osmotic pressure of a solution, the more water tends to maneuver into it.
<h3>Osmoregulation through kidney :</h3>
Pressure must be exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop diffusion of water by osmosis from the side containing pure water. Although there could also be hourly and daily variations in osmotic balance, an animal is usually in an osmotic steady state over the long term.
Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environments must maintain the proper concentration of solutes and amount of water in their body fluids; this involves excretion (getting rid of metabolic nitrogen wastes and other substances such as hormones that would be toxic.
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Answer: Therapists practice behavior modification by using positive reinforcers to reward closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.
Explanation:
The behavior modification methods are based on behavioral methodology, this methodology determines that the situations faced by an individual determine their behavior and this can be modified through rewards or punishments in order to eliminate, modify or reinforce it.
Positive reinforcements are additions that are given to the person each time they perform the behavior they want to strengthen. For example, when a child is taught to go to the bathroom, a compliment can be given each time the child asks to be taken to the bathroom. In the beginning, you can "reward" the approximations to the desired behavior until it is fully realized.
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