The top line, cash, is the single most important item on the balance sheet. Cash is the fuel of a business. If you run out of cash, you are in big trouble unless there is a "filling station" nearby that is willing to fund your business
A government budget surplus from reduced government spending (no change in net taxes) will increase the level of investment in the economy and increase the level of total saving (private plus public) in the economy
Robert started his company in his mother's garage so he did not have to pay rent or lease at the initial stage of his business. This gave him the opportunity to put his finances in essential aspects of his business.
Therefore he had an opportunity to reduce his overhead cost.
From 9/1/14, he needs $50,000 every year for 4 years to fund the tuition fees. Therefore, present value of the amount needed at 9/1/14 using the Present value of annuity due formula
= 50,000 * {1+ (1/(1.05)^4) } / 0.05 * (1.05)
= $186,162
$186,162 is the amount needed after 4 years. Amount you need to invest today to have this amount in four years = $186,162/(1.05)^4 = $186,162/1.21550625 = $153,156.40
