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3 years ago

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Identify the correct equation that describe the relationship between a sine and cosine wave. a. v(t) = A sin (2πft + π/2) = A co

s (2πft) b. v(t) = A sin (2πft) = A cos (2πft + π/2) c. v(t) = A sin (2πft ) = A cos (2πft) d. v(t) = A sin (2πft - π/2) = A cos (2πft)

1 answer:

Flauer [41]3 years ago

8 0

Answer:

A. v(t) = sin (2πft + π/2) = A cos (2πft)

Step-by-step explanation:

According to trigonometry friction, the following relationship are true;

Sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

We will be using this relationship to check which option is true.

Wave equation is represented as shown;

y(t) = Asin(2πft±theta)

For positive displacement,

y(t) = Asin(2πft+theta)

If theta = π/2

y(t) = Asin(2πft+π/2)

y(t) = A[ sin 2πftcosπ/2 + cos2πft sin π/2]

Since sinπ/2 = 1 and cos (π/2) = 0

y(t) = A[ sin 2πft (0)+ cos2πft (1)]

y(t) = A[0+ cos2πft]

y(t) = Acos2πft

Hence the expression that is true is expressed as;

v(t) = Asin(2πft+π/2) = Acos2πft

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The graph of f(x)= 3/1+x^2 is shown in the figure to the right. Use the second derivative of f to find the intervals on which f

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Answer:

Concave Up Interval: $(- \infty,\frac{-\sqrt{3} }{3} )U(\frac{\sqrt{3} }{3} , \infty)$

Concave Down Interval: $(\frac{-\sqrt{3} }{3}, \frac{\sqrt{3} }{3} )$

General Formulas and Concepts:

<u>Calculus</u>

Derivative of a Constant is 0.

Basic Power Rule:

f(x) = cxⁿ
f’(x) = c·nxⁿ⁻¹

Quotient Rule: $\frac{d}{dx} [\frac{f(x)}{g(x)} ]=\frac{g(x)f'(x)-g'(x)f(x)}{g^2(x)}$

Chain Rule: $\frac{d}{dx}[f(g(x))] =f'(g(x)) \cdot g'(x)$

Second Derivative Test:

Possible Points of Inflection (P.P.I) - Tells us the possible x-values where the graph f(x) may change concavity. Occurs when f"(x) = 0 or undefined
Points of Inflection (P.I) - Actual x-values when the graph f(x) changes concavity
Number Line Test - Helps us determine whether a P.P.I is a P.I

Step-by-step explanation:

<u>Step 1: Define</u>

$f(x)=\frac{3}{1+x^2}$

<u>Step 2: Find 2nd Derivative</u>

1st Derivative [Quotient/Chain/Basic]: $f'(x)=\frac{0(1+x^2)-2x \cdot 3}{(1+x^2)^2}$
Simplify 1st Derivative: $f'(x)=\frac{-6x}{(1+x^2)^2}$
2nd Derivative [Quotient/Chain/Basic]: $f"(x)=\frac{-6(1+x^2)^2-2(1+x^2) \cdot 2x \cdot -6x}{((1+x^2)^2)^2}$
Simplify 2nd Derivative: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3x^2-1)}{(1+x^2)^3}$

<u>Step 3: Find P.P.I</u>

Set f"(x) equal to zero: $0=\frac{6(3x^2-1)}{(1+x^2)^3}$

<em>Case 1: f" is 0</em>

Solve Numerator: $0=6(3x^2-1)$
Divide 6: $0=3x^2-1$
Add 1: $1=3x^2$
Divide 3: $\frac{1}{3} =x^2$
Square root: $\pm \sqrt{\frac{1}{3}} =x$
Simplify: $\pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} =x$
Rewrite: $x= \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$

<em>Case 2: f" is undefined</em>

Solve Denominator: $0=(1+x^2)^3$
Cube root: $0=1+x^2$
Subtract 1: $-1=x^2$

We don't go into imaginary numbers when dealing with the 2nd Derivative Test, so our P.P.I is $x= \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ (x ≈ ±0.57735).

<u>Step 4: Number Line Test</u>

<em>See Attachment.</em>

We plug in the test points into the 2nd Derivative and see if the P.P.I is a P.I.

x = -1

Substitute: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3(-1)^2-1)}{(1+(-1)^2)^3}$
Exponents: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3(1)-1)}{(1+1)^3}$
Multiply: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3-1)}{(1+1)^3}$
Subtract/Add: $f"(x)=\frac{6(2)}{(2)^3}$
Exponents: $f"(x)=\frac{6(2)}{8}$
Multiply: $f"(x)=\frac{12}{8}$
Simplify: $f"(x)=\frac{3}{2}$

This means that the graph f(x) is concave up before $x=\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}$ .

x = 0

Substitute: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3(0)^2-1)}{(1+(0)^2)^3}$
Exponents: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3(0)-1)}{(1+0)^3}$
Multiply: $f"(x)=\frac{6(0-1)}{(1+0)^3}$
Subtract/Add: $f"(x)=\frac{6(-1)}{(1)^3}$
Exponents: $f"(x)=\frac{6(-1)}{1}$
Multiply: $f"(x)=\frac{-6}{1}$
Divide: $f"(x)=-6$

This means that the graph f(x) is concave down between and .

x = 1

Substitute: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3(1)^2-1)}{(1+(1)^2)^3}$
Exponents: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3(1)-1)}{(1+1)^3}$
Multiply: $f"(x)=\frac{6(3-1)}{(1+1)^3}$
Subtract/Add: $f"(x)=\frac{6(2)}{(2)^3}$
Exponents: $f"(x)=\frac{6(2)}{8}$
Multiply: $f"(x)=\frac{12}{8}$
Simplify: $f"(x)=\frac{3}{2}$

This means that the graph f(x) is concave up after $x=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ .

<u>Step 5: Identify</u>

Since f"(x) changes concavity from positive to negative at $x=\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}$ and changes from negative to positive at $x=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ , then we know that the P.P.I's $x= \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ are actually P.I's.

Let's find what actual <em>point </em>on f(x) when the concavity changes.

$x=\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}$

Substitute in P.I into f(x): $f(\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{3}{1+(\frac{-\sqrt{3} }{3} )^2}$
Evaluate Exponents: $f(\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{3}{1+\frac{1}{3} }$
Add: $f(\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{3}{\frac{4}{3} }$
Divide: $f(\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{9}{4}$

$x=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$

Substitute in P.I into f(x): $f(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{3}{1+(\frac{\sqrt{3} }{3} )^2}$
Evaluate Exponents: $f(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{3}{1+\frac{1}{3} }$
Add: $f(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{3}{\frac{4}{3} }$
Divide: $f(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} )=\frac{9}{4}$

<u>Step 6: Define Intervals</u>

We know that <em>before </em>f(x) reaches $x=\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}$ , the graph is concave up. We used the 2nd Derivative Test to confirm this.

We know that <em>after </em>f(x) passes $x=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ , the graph is concave up. We used the 2nd Derivative Test to confirm this.

Concave Up Interval: $(- \infty,\frac{-\sqrt{3} }{3} )U(\frac{\sqrt{3} }{3} , \infty)$

We know that <em>after</em> f(x) <em>passes</em> $x=\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}$ , the graph is concave up <em>until</em> $x=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ . We used the 2nd Derivative Test to confirm this.

Concave Down Interval: $(\frac{-\sqrt{3} }{3}, \frac{\sqrt{3} }{3} )$

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