Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
Proteins help to build, repair, and maintain the body's structures. Animal foods typically have more protein than plant foods.In most cases, animal foods provide complete protein.Proteins are made up of amino acids and the body needs all 22 types of amino acids to function correctly. However, the body cannot produce nine of them. A complete protein source refers to a type of food that contains all nine.
A. Dr. Shiflett can see you tomorrow at 10 is the best answer.
Answer B isn’t particularly helpful, and the patient is probably already frustrated. You want to minimize their inconvenience and frustration. Answer C is not a good option, because you have no idea when the doctor will actually be back, and the patient could be waiting for several hours.
Amino acids consumed in excess of the amounts needed for the synthesis of nitrogenous tissue constituents are not stored but are degraded; the nitrogen is excreted as urea, and the keto acids left after removal of the amino groups are either utilized directly as sources of energy or are converted to carbohydrate or fat
Hope that helped <3
