Define pseudoscience?

Antibodies, which are produced by your immune system to search for infections, are made of

Fofino [41]

When the body senses foreign substances (called antigens), the immune system works to recognize the antigens and get rid of them. B lymphocytes are triggered to make antibodies (also called immunoglobulins). These proteins lock onto specific antigens.

4 0

3 years ago

Where do flowers come from? They are made through the process of sexual reproduction. Flowers may look simple, but there are act

Licemer1 [7]

Answer:

They're sexual reproduction

Explanation:

A flower throws seed at another flower

4 0

3 years ago

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A new penny has a mass of 2.49 grams and occupies 0.349 cm cubed. If pure copper has a density of 8.96 g/cm cubed, is the new pe

lys-0071 [83]

Answer: The new penny is not pure copper

Explanation:

Density $\rho$ is defined as a relation between the mass $m$ and the volume $V$ :

$\rho=\frac{m}{V}$

Now, we are told the density of pure copper is:

$\rho_{copper}=8.96 g/cm^{3}$

And we are given the mass and volume of the new penny, with which we can calculate its density:

$\rho_{penny}=\frac{m_{penny}}{V_{penny}}=\frac{2.49 g}{0.349 cm^{3}}$

$\rho_{penny}=7.13 g/cm^{3}$ As we can see the density of this penny is not equal to the density of pure copper, hence the new penny is not pure copper.

8 0

4 years ago

Sodium phosphate reacts with sulfuric acid to form sodium sulfate and phosphoric acid. What is the stoichiometric coefficient fo

Roman55 [17]

When sodium phosphate reacts with sulfuric acid, forming sodium sulfate and phosphoric acid, the stoichiometric coefficient for sulfuric acid in the balanced chemical equation is 3.

In every balanced chemical equation, the total number of individual atoms on the reactant side must be equal to the total number of individual atoms on the product side. The stoichiometric coefficient is the number written in front of each reactants and products that tells how many moles of each are needed in the reaction.

The chemical equation for the given reaction is:

$Na_{3} PO_{4}$ + $H_{2} SO_{4}$ = $Na_{2} SO_{4}$ + $H_{3} PO_{4}$

Put the necessary stoichiometric coefficient to balance each element.

Balancing Na:

$2Na_{3} PO_{4}$ + $H_{2} SO_{4}$ = $3Na_{2} SO_{4}$ + $H_{3} PO_{4}$

Balancing P:

$2Na_{3} PO_{4}$ + $H_{2} SO_{4}$ = $3Na_{2} SO_{4}$ + $2H_{3} PO_{4}$

Balancing S:

$2Na_{3} PO_{4}$ + $3H_{2} SO_{4}$ = $3Na_{2} SO_{4}$ + $2H_{3} PO_{4}$

Notice that H and O are already balanced.

Hence, the balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

$2Na_{3} PO_{4}$ + $3H_{2} SO_{4}$ = $3Na_{2} SO_{4}$ + $2H_{3} PO_{4}$

where 3 is the stoichiometric coefficient of sulfuric acid, $H_{2} SO_{4}$ .

Learn more about stoichiometric coefficient here: brainly.com/question/6666875

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3 0

1 year ago

What are some complex impurities found in water that are hard to detect and remove? How are they removed and detected? Please an

liubo4ka [24]

This are my answers to your quesion

When working in laboratories and hospitals, it’s crucial that any contaminants found in water are removed immediately, before they cause any damage.

Each impurity carries its own risks to chemical and biological research, not to mention the detrimental effect they cause to the quality of pure water. Here we discuss the 8 main types of water contaminants, and how they can be prevented.

1. Microorganisms

Bacteria, algae and fungi all regularly interfere with sterile research applications. Bacteria can adversely influence cell and tissue culture by competing at enzyme-active sites on substrates.

If free-floating bacteria form biofilms on surfaces, they can be extremely difficult to remove. These biofilms can grow for several years, spontaneously releasing bursts of bacteria, along with their associated endotoxins and nucleases.

These nucleases then break down DNA and RNA in samples, and the endotoxins will have a negative effect on the growth and function of cells.

2. Viruses

Viruses – referred to as non-living nucleic acids – adversely affect tissue and cell growth. They’re extremely small, with most of them falling between 0.01 – 0.3 microns, and they can survive for long periods of time. Once they’ve been spotted in water, they should be removed as soon as possible.

3. Pyrogens

For mammalian cell cultures, and the preparation of solutions or devices that will later have contact with humans and other mammals, it’s crucial that the water used is pyrogen-free.

The most significant component of pyrogens – a form of endotoxin – is lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is derived from Gram-negative bacteria walls. If LPS gets into the blood or spinal fluid, it can be toxic and cause a fever.

4. Dissolved Inorganic Ions

Silicates, chlorides, calcium, fluorides, magnesium, phosphates, bicarbonates, sulphates, nitrates and ferrous compounds are all forms of dissolved inorganic ions.

The instability in water caused by these ions will negatively influence chemical and biological reactions. Results include the formation of protein-protein and protein-lipid interaction, altering enzymatic activity, and delaying the growth of cells and tissue.

5. Dissolved Organic Compounds

These are derived from animal and plant decay, in addition to any human activities that involve the introduction of alcohol, protein, pesticides, chloramine, herbicides or detergents into the environment.

Dissolved organic compounds interfere with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography and fluoroscopy.

6. Dissolved Gases

Water contains naturally dissolved carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen, but these gases can alter the pH of lab water, which upsets the ionic balance. Concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen can affect the rate of biochemical reactions; and high concentration of dissolved gases can cause a bubble formation, which obstructs the flow through chromatography columns and micro-channels.

Dissolved carbon dioxide raises water acidity, reducing the capacity of ion exchange resins in DI systems.

7. Suspended Particles

When large suspended particles of clay, sand, silt or vegetation between 1 – 10µm are found in water, they cause turbidity and settle at the bottom.

Suspended particles can foul reverse osmosis membranes, filters and chromatography columns, especially if the system stems from a reservoir or tank within the building.

8. Colloidal Particles

Colloidal particles are much smaller than suspended particles, at just 0.01 – 1.0µm, and they don’t settle.

Colloidal particles regularly interfere with analytical techniques, and bypass ion exchange resins, which result in lower resistivity in DI water.

How to Prevent Contaminants

The main way to prevent and remove contaminants are through water purification systems. Different technologies have been created, each specialising in the removal of specific contaminants.

For example, whilst the process of distillation won’t remove ionised gases, inorganic ions or dissolved non-ionised gases, they will filter out bacteria and pyrogens.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is hailed as one of the most effective ways of removing contaminants, as this process removes up to 99% of impurities in water. Dissolved organics and ionics, suspended impurities, bacteria and pyrogens are all removed from water when RO is used.

To conclude, contaminants can be very damaging to water. Once found, they should be removed as soon as possible, using the most effective form of water purification technology.

4 0

3 years ago