Clotting cascade refers to the series of reactions which take place simultaneously and result in blood clotting. The clotting cascade is a complex set of negative feed back mechanism which is used by the human body to maintain homeostasis. The clotting cascade can be triggered either by intrinsic or extrinsic release of chemical mediators. The reaction occur in this order:
Intrinsic factor < activation of common clotting pathway < platelet lipids are released < prothrombin < fibrinogen < fibrin formation < stabilized fibrin clot.
Two examples of anticoagulant medication that affect the pathway are heparin and warfarin
Answer:
Channels discriminate between solutes mainly on the basis of size and electric charge.
Explanation:
Answer:
Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which myelin sheath of nerve cells of brain and spinal cord are damaged.
Explanation:
Cause:- (Exact cause of inflammation is not known)
- But damage is caused due to attack by autoimmune cells or antibodies against myelin sheath.
Types of tissues attack:-
- Oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath is damaged and stripped away from axon and the process is known as demyelination.
- Myelin sheaths are made up of fatty tissues and help in transmission of electric impulse.
Result of immune system attack:-
- Damaged myelin sheath stop forming whIte matter of central nervous system.
- Hence disrupt coordinating communication between different brain regions.
Signs and symptoms:- vary from person to person
- Diminished eyesight.
- Disrupt motor coordination.
- Weak sensory perception.
- Fatigue and dizziness.
- Speech disorder.
- Muscle weakness and spasticity.
- Difficulty in urination and stool.
Diagnosis and treatment:-
- Diagnosis include MRI T2 findings and cerebrospinal fluid specific oligoclonal bands.
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Answer:
Dinosaurs are the extinct organisms that belong to the class reptilia. Dinosaurs are the most advanced and bulkier reptiles at the history time and they were overspecialized in their environment.
The dinosaurs extinct rapidly due to the change in the external conditions and the volcanic eruptions that occur at the dinosaurs time. The recent searcher claims that asteroid impact and massive volcanic eruption leads to the dinosaur extinction. The fossil evidence and the presence of the specific basalt and other chemicals are found in the volcanoes and in the asteroid.
