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igor_vitrenko [27]
3 years ago
12

What system calls have to be executed by a command interpreter? Why is it usually separate from the kernel?

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Licemer1 [7]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

The exec command by interpreter to start new process

Explanation:

On Unix systems, a call to the fork system must be made followed by a call to the e x e c system to begin a new process. The fork call clones the process that is currently running, while the executive call overlays a new process based on a different executable over the calling process.

It is seperate from Kernal because

It Read user commands or a script and execute them, generally turning them into one or more system calls. Is usual It is not part of the kernel since the command interpreter is subject to change.

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Build three classes that conform to the following interfaces. Use arrays in creating your classes (e.g., do not use the built-in
daser333 [38]

Explanation:

public class ArrayList {

private Object[] array = new Object[1];

/**

 * Places new element at location

 * @param c, element to be inserted

 * @param i, location it is to be placed

 */

public void insert(char c, int i) {

 if(i>this.size()){

  System.out.println("Index "+i +" outside of list size; max: " +this.size());

  System.exit(0);

 }

 int count = 0;

 try {

  Object[] other = new Object[this.array.length+1];

  switch(i){

     case 0:{

      other[0] = c;

      for(int j=1;j<this.array.length;j++)

       other[j] = this.array[j-1];

       

      this.array = other;

      break;

     }

     default: {

      for(int j=0;j<i;j++)

       other[j] = this.array[j];

      other[i] = c;

      for(int k=i+1;k<this.array.length;k++)

       other[k] = this.array[k-1];

      this.array = other;

      break;

     }

     }

 }

 catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exception) {

     largerArray();

     if(++count == 2){

      System.out.println("Something went wrong.");

      System.exit(0);

     }  

 }

}

 

/**

 * Places new element at location

 * @param object, element to be inserted

 * @param index, location it is to be placed

 */

void insert(Object object, int index){

 if(index>this.size()){

  System.out.println("Index "+index +" outside of list size; max: " +this.size());

  System.exit(0);

 }

 int count = 0;

 try {

  Object[] other = new Object[this.array.length+1];

  switch(index){

     case 0:{

      other[0] = object;

      for(int j=1;j<this.array.length;j++)

       other[j] = this.array[j-1];

       

      this.array = other;

      break;

     }

     default: {

      for(int j=0;j<index;j++)

       other[j] = this.array[j];

      other[index] = object;

      for(int k=index+1;k<this.array.length;k++)

       other[k] = this.array[k];

      this.array = other;

      break;

     }

     }

 }

 catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exception) {

     largerArray();

     if(++count == 2){

      System.out.println("Something went wrong.");

      System.exit(0);

     }  

 }

}

 

/**

 * Removes element at index

 * @param index, location to remove

 * @return temp, object removed

 */

Object remove(int index){

 if(index>this.size()){

  System.out.println("Index "+index +" outside of list size; max: " +this.size());

  System.exit(0);

 }

 Object temp = this.array[index];

 int count = 0;

 try {

  Object[] other = new Object[this.array.length-1];

  switch(index){

     case 0:{

      other[0] = this.array[1];

      for(int j=1;j<this.size();j++)

       other[j] = this.array[j+1];

       

      this.array = other;

      break;

     }

     default: {

      for(int j=0;j<index;j++)

       other[j] = this.array[j];

      for(int k=index;k<this.size();k++)

       other[k] = this.array[k+1];

      this.array = other;

      break;

     }

     }

 }

 catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exception) {

     largerArray();

     if(++count == 2){

      System.out.println("Something went wrong.");

      System.exit(0);

     }  

 }

 return temp;

}

 

/**

 * Copies the array to a new array twice the size.

 */

public void largerArray(){

 Object[] other = new Object[this.array.length*2];

 System.arraycopy(this.array, 0, other, 0, this.array.length);

 this.array = other;

}

 

/**

 * @return true if there are null elements

 */

public boolean isEmpty() {

 boolean bool = true;

 for (Object element : this.array) {

  if(element!=null){

   bool = false;

   break;

  }

  else{

   bool = true;

   break;

 }

 }

 return bool;

}

 

/**

 * Determines the real length of the array

 * @return length of non-null elements

 */

public int size(){

 int count = 0;

 for(int i=0;i<this.array.length;i++){

  if(this.array[i]==null)

   continue;

  else

   count++;

 }

 return count;

}

 

/**

 * Converts array to string.

 * @return the Array as a string

 */

public String toString(){

 String string = "";

 for(int i=0;i<this.size();i++){

  if(i<this.size()-1)

   string += this.array[i]+", ";

  else

   string += this.array[i];

 }

 return string;

}

 

/**

 * Similar to get, imput the character, retrieve index.

 * @param object, what we're looking for

 * @return index

 */

int indexOf(Object object){

 int index = -1;

 for(int i=0;i<this.array.length;i++){

  if(this.array[i]==(object))

   index = i;

  else continue;

 }

 return index;

}

 

/**

 * @param object, Arraylist tyoe

 * @return true, if the elements of the arrays are equivalent.

 */

public boolean equals(ArrayList object){

 boolean bool = false;

 int thisLength = this.array.length;

 int objectLength = object.array.length;

 if(thisLength > objectLength){

  for(int i=0;i<this.array.length;i++)

   if(this.array[i] == object.array[i])

    bool = true;

   else{

    bool = false;

    break;

   }

 }

 else{

  for(int i=0;i<object.array.length;i++)

   if(this.array[i] == object.array[i])

    bool = true;

   else{

    bool = false;

    break;

   }

 }

 return bool;

}

 

/**

 * Getter to check what is at an index

 * @param index, location

 * @return the character at this position

 */

Object get(int index){

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}

}

6 0
3 years ago
If a user wished to insert a triangle or a callout figure in a document, he or she should select the _____ option.
Vlada [557]
The Insert Tab option

You can add a shape your word, excel or PowerPoint document to make a drawing. To do this in MS Word, click on the Insert tab, and in the illustration group, click on the shapes option. Click the shapes or callouts that you would like to insert and then drag to place the shape anywhere in the document.






4 0
3 years ago
What three characteristics of a function are described in an IPO chart? What is performed at each characteristic?
Blizzard [7]

Answer:

Input

Processing

Output

Explanation:

6 0
3 years ago
What does % find on edhesive??
statuscvo [17]

Answer:

Explanation: What is that word you typed?

3 0
3 years ago
In a block of addresses we know the IP address of one host is Roll no. Roll no. Roll no. Roll no./20.What is the first address a
lesya [120]

Answer:

If there’s one topic that trips people up (both new and experienced) in the networking industry, it is that of Subnetting.

One of the reasons this happens is that one has to perform (mental) calculations in decimal and also binary. Another reason is that many people have not had enough practice with subnetting.

In this article, we will discuss what Subnetting is, why it came about, its usefulness, and how to do subnetting the proper way. To make this article as practical as possible, we will go through many examples.

Note: While subnetting applies to both IPv4 and IPv6, this article will only focus on IPv4. The same concepts explained here can be applied to IPv6. Moreover, subnetting in IPv6 is more of a want rather than a necessity because of the large address space.

IP address network

For example, any traffic with a destination IP address of 192.168.1.101 will be delivered to PC1, while traffic addressed to 192.168.1.250 will be delivered to SERVER.

Note: This is an oversimplification of things just for understanding sake and refers to Unicast (one-to-one) IPv4 addresses. Traffic sent to Multicast (one-to-many) and Broadcast (one-to-all) IP addresses can be delivered to multiple devices. Also, features like Network Address Translation (NAT) allow one IP address to be shared by multiple devices.

To help your understanding of IP addresses and subnetting, you need to resolve the following fact in your head: Computers think in binary, that is, 0s and 1s. Therefore, even though we see an IP address represented like 192.168.1.250, it is actually just a string of bits – 32 bits in total for IPv4 addresses.

To make them more readable for humans, IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation where the 32 bits are divided into 4 blocks of 8 bits (also known as an octet), and each block is converted to a decimal number.

For example, 01110100 in binary is 116 in decimal:

A unicast IPv4 address such as 192.168.1.250 can be divided into two parts: Network portion and Host ID. So what does this mean? Well, IPv4 addresses were originally designed based on classes: Class A to Class E. Multicast addresses are assigned from the Class D range while Class E is reserved for experimental use, leaving us with Class A to C:

Class A: Uses the first 8 bits for the Network portion leaving 24 bits for host IDs. The leftmost bit is set to “0”.

Class B: Uses the first 16 bits for the Network portion leaving 16 bits for host IDs. The two leftmost bits are set to “10”.

Class C: Uses the first 24 bits for the Network portion leaving 8 bits for host IDs. The three leftmost bits are set to “110”.

Note: The range of Class A is actually 1-126 because 0.x.x.x and 127.x.x.x are reserved.

With these classes, a computer/device can look at the first three bits of any IP address and determine what class it belongs to. For example, the 192.168.1.250 IP address clearly falls into the Class C range.

Looking at the Host ID portion of the classes, we can determine how many hosts (or number of individual IP addresses) a network in each class will support. For example, a Class C network will ideally support up to 256 host IDs i.e. from 00000000 (decimal 0) to 11111111 (decimal 255). However, two of these addresses cannot be assigned to hosts because the first (all 0s) represents the network address while the last (all 1s) represents the broadcast address. This leaves us with 254 host IDs. A simple formula to calculate the number of hosts supported

Explanation: Final answer is Start address: 192.168.58.0 + 1 = 192.168.58.1

End address: 192.168.58.16 – 2 = 192.168.58.14

Broadcast address: 192.168.58.16 – 1 = 192.168.58.15

7 0
2 years ago
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