7: by rejecting the idea that the Church hierarchy had special powers.
8: by asserting people could learn the truth themselves by reading and interpreting the Bible
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution
Explanation:
The trend toward city life, also known as urbanization, was caused by industrialization. Many families left their farms to work in factories in the cities. This lead to a rapid move towards city life in the 1800's :)
The answer would be ORVAL FAUBUS if you are on apex