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Chemical nutrients and energy tend to flow in the same direction for most of an ecosystem. The big difference is that the chemical nutrients are ultimately recycled in the ecosystem while the energy is ultimately lost from the ecosystem to the universe at large. Energy in any ecosystem ultimately comes from the Sun
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Answer:
You can measure mineral hardness with The Mohs' Scale.
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Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
Hypothalamus is a part of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. It helps maintain the internal environment constant by regulating major processes in the body such as the heart rate and the body temperature. It is therefore, both a neural and endocrine organ.
