Answer:
a. Variable interval reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on time, whereas variable ratio reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on behaviors
Explanation:
Variable here means number of responses/behaviours or amount of time between reinforcements vary or change. Interval means schedule works with time or is based on time between reinforcements hence the name variable interval reinforcement. Ratio here means the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements hence the name variable ratio reinforcement schedule. Both reinforcement occur randomly or inconsistently and none is fixed or specified, this is why the variable is there, but they now differ by "time" and "behavior"
Answer:
Explanation:
Written arguments, oral arguments, conference, opinion writings, and announcement.
Explanation:
Fertility, mortality and migration are principal determinants of population growth. Population change depends on the natural increase changes seen in birth rates and the change seen in migration. Changes in population size can be predicted based on changes in fertility (births), mortality (deaths) and migration rates.
<span>Trees grow below or above the timberline, or tree line, depending on the environmental conditions present. Alpine tree lines are common near or on mountains and mountain ranges. The weather above the timberline is too cold and possibly too dry for trees to grow and take root. Desert tree lines are common in and near deserts. The soil is too dry for the trees to take root and get the water and nutrients they require. Desert-Alpine tree lines are environments where the elevation is too high and the soil too dry to foster tree growth.</span>
