The 3Rs by Russell and Burch are known to be the "alternative methods" to improve the treatment of laboratory animals, at the same time to advance the quality of science that uses animals for studies.
The 3Rs are Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is defined as minimizing the pain and suffering of the animals used in research. Reduction is for reducing the number of animals being used, and using healthier animals. Replacement is using alternative to animals such as tissue cultures and computer models.
Violence can lead to premature death or cause non-fatal injuries. People who survive violent crime endure physical pain and suffering and may also experience mental distress and reduced quality of life. Repeated exposure to crime and violence may be linked to an increase in negative health outcomes
I don't know how this is a question, but it is correct.
People who were scared a strong central government and total control (like the experience with Britain), wanted to give states power to counteract the effect. It made people like Thomas Jefferson feel assured that the U.S. would stay a democracy.
Banks don't establish government programs; this task is in the hand of the government. But they do all of the remaining: store money, lend money and issue mortgages for houses.
Answer:
Since the mid-20th century, dramatic change has taken place in gender relations in the United States, as illustrated by women's labor force participation rising from 32% in 1950 to 57% in 2018 and men's falling from 82% to 69% (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017, 2018b).
