Answer:
the atmosphere,hydrosphere,and the biosphyre
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
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DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). <span>DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.</span>
A macrophage may engulf a pathogen by endocytosis, which involves the reorganization of actin microfilaments in the membrane and microtubules in the cytoskeleton.
<h3>What is endocytosis?</h3>
Endocytosis is a cellular process by which a cell can absorb materials from the surrounding medium, such as viruses and bacteria in the case of macrophages.
Microfilaments and microtubules are proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton and dynamic conformational changes of them are associated with the cytoskeletal rearregement during the phagocytic process.
The actin microfilaments in the membrane and microtubules in the cytoskeleton form part of the process of endocytosis because they need to reorganize during cell movement.
In conclusion, a macrophage may engulf a pathogen by endocytosis, which involves the reorganization of actin microfilaments in the membrane and microtubules in the cytoskeleton.
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