Republican Governor Hiram Johnson was the California governor who was instrumental in changing the executive bureaucracy from a spoils system to a merit system.
A spoils system refers to a system of patronage in which the victorious candidate or party in an election gives public offices to their supporters as reward and incentive.
It was a common phenomenon in the United States, until a civil service reform movement led to passage of the Pendleton Act of 1883, which instituted merit-based appointments to offices at the federal level.
Hiram Johnson was a former Governor of California between 1917 to 1945. He was credited with many progressive reforms, among which was ensuring the executive bureaucracy operated on the basis of merit and not political patronage.
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Who is that? I can’t say I’ve heard that name before.
Correct answer: "<span>C. a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied"
Shortage is also referred to as excess demand - meaning that there is a greater demand than what there is to give. The opposite concept would be economic surplus.
</span>Example: when the need for food in a certain village is greater than what is supplied or produced in that village, there a shortage of food.
