Answer:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.Keywords: calpain, central nervous system, demyelination, fingolimod, glycolipids, lipids, multiple sclerosis, myelin, myelination, NKT cells, oligodendrocytes, remyelination, T cells
Explanation:
Weak bases, just like weak acids, dissociate slowly when dissolved with water. An Arrhenius acid is any substance that ionizes when it dissolves in water to give the H+, or hydrogen, ion. An Arrhenius base is any substance that gives the OH-, or hydroxide, ion when it dissolves in water.
When Working Out In Exercising in hot weather puts extra stress on your body. Wind chill extremes can make exercising outdoors unsafe even with warm clothing. Exercising in cold weather increases the risk of hypothermia
Answer: (a) an 8-ounce (237 ml) serving of orange juice that contains 125 milligrams of vitamin C and has 111 calories
Explanation:
Nutrient density or nutritional density reflects the ratio of the nutrient content to the total energy content of the food. Therefore the nutrient density is expressed in terms of the amount of a specific nutrient (in weight) per 1000 calories or joules
Comparing the nutritional density of the two drinks;
(a) For an 8-ounce (237 ml) serving of orange juice that contains 125 milligrams of vitamin C and has 111 calories(111/1000 Kcal) or 0.111Kcal
nutritional density = 125mg/0.111Kcal = 1126.126 mg/Kcal
(b) For an 8-ounce serving of a sport drink that contains 175 milligrams of vitamin C and has 250 calories(250/1000 Kcal) or 0.250Kcal
nutritional density = 175/0.250Kcal =700 mg/Kcal.
Therefore, an 8-ounce (237 ml) serving of orange juice that contains 125 milligrams of vitamin C and has 111 calories has a greater nutritional density of Vitamin C <em>than an 8-ounce serving of a sport drink that contains 175 milligrams of vitamin C and has 250 calories.</em>
Answer:
No they have not been getting "healthier".While fast-food chains have ostensibly been trying to offer more healthful options, a new study finds that the health impact of their menus has not improved — to the contrary, in fact.
Explanation:
The entire point of fast food is that it is cheap and quick to make. Healthier food is more expensive, at least assuming that you want food that is at all filling (a light salad and some fruit can be ready quickly but it won't fill you up). It will also take more effort to make it appetizing.
