Chemists research the interactions of many types of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules. The term "spectroscopy" refers to this interaction.
- Because various elements have varying quantities of protons and varied numbers and configurations of electrons, they also have different spectra. The variations in spectra are a result of the energy that atoms absorb or emit as their electrons shift between different energy levels.
- A transition from ground state or lower-energy excited state to a greater excited state can occur as a result of an atom's ability to absorb light of a certain energy. As a result, an element's emission spectrum is converted into an absorption spectrum, which contains dark lines aligned with brilliant lines.
- Chemists research the interactions of many types of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules. The term "spectroscopy" refers to this interaction.
- Ordinary stars like the Sun have absorption lines in their spectra because some of the continuous light emanating from the hot, dense interior is absorbed by the fragile outer layers of the stellar atmosphere, known as the photosphere.
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Answer:
Option 2: Spiracles.
Explanation:
Cartilaginous fish (also called Chrondricytes) have a skeleton of cartilage, instead of bone. There are two subclasses - Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Sharks, rays, skates and sawfish are elasmobranchs while chimeras are holocephali.
Here’s a list of features of cartilaginous fish in comparison to bony fish:
1. Cartilage skeleton: unlike bony fish that have a skeleton made of bones (just like other terrestrial vertebrates), the skeleton of cartilaginous fish is made of cartilage.
2. Spiracles: this is a modified gill of sorts, it aids with respiration and is found slightly behind each eye. It leads directly to the mouth. Most cartilaginous fish possess this organ (exceptions are present, such as hammerhead sharks). Bony fish do not possess spiracles.
3. Ampullae of Lorenzini: absent in bony fish, these organs are electroreceptors that form a network of pores filled with a form of jelly that can transmit electrical signals. It allows the cartilaginous fish to sense electric fields in the water (such as the movements of a fish struggling), magnetic fields and temperature. Some bony fish such as sturgeon and lungfish may possess these organs, however research is still ongoing.
4. Claspers: male cartilaginous fish possess an organ known as claspers at their pelvic fin. This is used during reproduction to transfer the sperm into the female for fertilisation. As such, internal fertilisation occurs in cartilagonous fish. Bony fish do not possess this organ, and external fertilisation occurs.
There are many other characteristics that differentiate cartilaginous fish from bony fish. They're an extremely fascinating group of animals that unfortunately, is decreasing in numbers. Very little is known about many of these animals, so it is important that we do our best to conserve the sharks, rays, sawfish and chimeras before we lose them forever.
Could be a graduated cylinder. Hope this helps :)
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Homologous structures are organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to look exactly the same, or have the same function
